حل المسائل شیمی آلی ولهارد ویرایش 8 | رایگان

1. Structure and Bonding in Organic Molecules

2. Structure and Reactivity: Acids and Bases, Polar and Nonpolar Molecules

3. Reactions of Alkanes: Bond-Dissociation Energies, Radical Halogenation, and Relative Reactivity

4. Cycloalkanes

5. Stereoisomers

6. Properties and Reactions of Haloalkanes: Bimolecular Nucleophilic Substitution

7. Further Reactions of Haloalkanes: Unimolecular Substitution and Pathways of Elimination

8. Hydroxy of Functional Group: Alcohols: Properties, Preparation, and Strategy of Synthesis

9. Further Reactions of Alcohols and the Chemistry of Ethers

10.Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy to Deduce Structure

11. Alkenes: Infrared Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry

12. Reactions to Alkenes

13. Alkynes: The Carbon

14. Delocalized Pi Systems: Investigation by Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopy

15. Benzene and Aromaticity: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution

16. Electrophilic Attack on Derivatives of Benzene: Substituents Control Regioselectivity

17. Aldehydes and Ketones: The Carbonyl Group

18. Enols, Enolates, and the Aldol Condensation: a,b-Unsaturated Aldehydes and Ketones

19. Carboxylic Acids

20. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

21. Amines and Their Derivatives: Functional Groups Containing Nitrogen

22. Chemistry of the Benzene Substituents: Alkylbenzenes, Phenols, and Benzenamines

23. Ester Enolates and the Claisen Condensation: Synthesis of b-Dicarbonyl Compounds; Acyl Anion Equivalents

24. Carbohydrates: Polyfunctional Compounds in Nature

25. Heterocycles: Heteroatoms in Cyclic Organic Compounds

26. Amino Acids, Peptides, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids: Nitrogen-Containing Polymers in Nature